Human rights advocates on Monday applauded a “ground-breaking” ruling by a United Nations panel which stated that climate refugees seeking asylum cannot legally be sent back to their home countries if they face life-threatening conditions due to the climate crisis.
“Without robust national and international efforts, the effects of climate change in receiving states may expose individuals to a violation of their rights,” ruled the U.N. Human Rights Committee, “thereby triggering the non-refoulement obligations of sending states.”
Amnesty International praised the decision as “good news” and said in a statement that it could help prompt the international community to take concrete action to sharply reduce fossil fuel emissions as quickly as possible in hopes of limiting global warming to 1.5º Celsius.
GOOD NEWS! It’s now illegal for governments to return #climate refugees to their home countries, thanks to a landmark ruling by the UN Human Rights Committee. Read more: https://t.co/tsooQN774j
— Amnesty UK (@AmnestyUK) January 20, 2020
Dan Sohege of the human rights advocacy group Stand for All called the ruling an “excellent step forward in refugee rights.”
Excellent step forward in refugee rights. As the challenges facing people evolve so must the definition of “refugee”. Whether fleeing war, economic deprivation or climate change, the end result remains the same even if the driving factors for it do not.https://t.co/PqOC3Pp3Rj
— Dan Sohege (@thefishareloose) January 20, 2020
The committee handed down its ruling earlier this month in a case brought by Ioane Teitiota, a man who applied for asylum in New Zealand in 2013 after sea level rise and other conditions in his home country of Kiribati forced him and his family to leave.
“The decision sets a global precedent. It says a state will be in breach of its human rights obligations if it returns someone to a country where—due to the climate crisis—their life is at risk, or in danger of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.”
—Kate Schuetze, Amnesty International
Kiribati is expected to be uninhabitable in the coming decades—as soon as 10 to 15 years from now, according to Teitiota’s case—as rising sea levels leads to overcrowding on the Pacific nation’s islands. Teitiota took his case to the committee in 2016 after being deported back to Kiribati by New Zealand’s government the previous year.
He argued that the lack of fresh water and difficulty growing crops in Kiribati has caused health problems for him and his family, as well as land disputes.
The committee ultimately rejected Teitiota’s case this month, saying in its ruling that since he argued that Kiribati is expected to be uninhabitable in 10 to 15 years, the country and the international community have time to move the population to safety or to make the islands safe.
But, Amnesty International said, the ruling held promise for the 143 million people who are expected to become climate refugees by 2050—many of whom reside in Pacific Island nations.
“The decision sets a global precedent,” said Kate Schuetze, Pacific researcher at Amnesty International, in a statement. “It says a state will be in breach of its human rights obligations if it returns someone to a country where—due to the climate crisis—their life is at risk, or in danger of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.”
“The message in this case is clear: Pacific Island states don’t need to be underwater before triggering those human rights obligations,” Schuetze told The Guardian. “I think we will see those cases start to emerge.”
Two members of the committee dissented, arguing Teitiota was entitled to protection by New Zealand’s government.
“The conditions of life laid out by the author—resulting from climate change in the Republic of Kiribati, are significantly grave, and pose a real, personal, and reasonably foreseeable risk of a threat to his life,” said Ambassador Duncan Laki Muhumuza of Uganda.
Prof. Jane McAdam of the Kaldor Center for International Refugee Law at the University of New South Wales agreed with Amnesty’s assessment, saying that while the ruling was not in Teitiota’s favor, “the committee recognized that without robust action on climate at some point in the future it could well be that governments will, under international human rights law, be prohibited from sending people to places where their life is at risk or where they would face inhuman or degrading treatment.”
“Even though in this particular case there was no violation found, it effectively put governments on notice,” she told The Guardian.