World Refugee Day draws attention to journalists who have been forced to flee their home countries due to threats, conflict, or repression. While exile is now recognized as a growing reality for journalists worldwide, the experiences of journalists CPJ supported last year reflect the reality that relocation does not necessarily bring safety. Increasingly, journalists in exile reach out to CPJ for support because they remain at risk, as their home governments continue to target them across borders.
Forced to flee
Journalists are being pushed into exile for a range of reasons, including conflict, widescale repression, targeted threats, or legal pressure. CPJ’s 2025 assistance data shows that forced displacement remained a dominant pattern, with journalists from countries such as Myanmar, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Afghanistan among those most frequently seeking relocation support.
For many journalists, exile results from an urgent decision made under immediate threat. CPJ reporting shows that journalists often leave their countries within hours, facing risks such as arrest, violence, or retaliation linked directly to their reporting. The process of fleeing can itself be dangerous and is heavily restricted by available visa pathways. Journalists frequently travel through multiple countries and many spend extended periods of time in transit locations without stable legal status or the ability to continue working.
These conditions often leave journalists in precarious situations from the moment they leave, shaping the risks they continue to face in exile. And even for those reaching safer destinations, important risks continue to exist.
Exile does not mean safety
Distance from a hostile government does not fully eliminate the possibility of retaliation, and CPJ often assists journalists who become targets of transnational repression. Certain governments hostile to journalists reach across borders to silence them through various means, including digital and physical surveillance, threats, illegal deportations, abductions, misuse of international mechanisms such as Interpol, and intimidation targeting family members. In some cases, it has escalated to lethal violence.
Individual experiences of transnational repression: What CPJ is seeing
CPJ’s emergency response work in 2025 has highlighted recurring patterns in how journalists experience transnational repression after fleeing their home countries. Data collected by its Emergencies Team shows that, last year, 25 journalists sought and received support while they were facing active acts of transnational repression. Most journalists facing these challenges were from Iran and Azerbaijan, with Belarus, Sudan, Russia, Burundi, Afghanistan, Egypt, and Tajikistan also represented.
Across the cases reviewed, mental health emerged as one of the most consistent concerns among journalists targeted with transnational repression. They frequently required assistance to cope with the psychological impact of prolonged insecurity, reflecting the stress of remaining at risk even after displacement.
Remaining mobile was also a recurring preoccupation. In addition to fleeing their home countries, some journalists required further relocation to remain out of reach of operatives from their home governments, including within host countries, indicating that initial displacement did not always resolve their safety concerns.
CPJ’s data further shows that journalists navigating exile often face ongoing challenges in securing effective protection from host governments, reflecting the vulnerability of their situation even after relocation. This echoes research by Freedom House, which has highlighted gaps in host country responses, noting that protection mechanisms are often inconsistent and that governments do not always take sufficient action to prevent or respond to transnational repression, leaving journalists exposed even in countries where they have sought refuge.
Taken together, these patterns point to a broader trend: For many journalists, exile does not mark the end of threats.
How CPJ supports journalists in exile
In response to these concerns, CPJ provides practical support to journalists facing ongoing risks. This support includes:
- Emergency grants for relocation and basic needs in exile. In many cases, journalists supported by CPJ required external relocation to leave their home country in the first place, while others needed internal relocation within host countries due to continued safety concerns abroad.
- Assistance navigating asylum and legal processes. This included support letters to help journalists strengthen their protection claims, reflecting the importance of securing legal status as a first step towards protection.
- Digital security and physical safety guidance. Journalists in exile have received tailored individual advice from our safety experts aimed at reducing exposure to ongoing threats and improving their ability to stay safe in unfamiliar environments.
- Trauma-related support. Many journalists have received assistance to cope with the psychological impact of prolonged insecurity, with trauma emerging as a recurring primary need across transnational repression cases.
Through its Emergencies work, CPJ not only provides practical assistance to individual journalists but also gains insight into the evolving risks faced by journalists in exile, including how threats linked to transnational repression continue to shape their experiences after displacement.
Conclusion:
For many journalists forced into exile, safety remains an ongoing concern. While leaving their home countries may reduce immediate threats, journalists from certain countries, in particular Iran and Azerbaijan, are in dire need of support as they face risks linked to transnational repression.
Press freedom organizations such as CPJ provide tailored support that helps journalists deal with ongoing safety challenges in exile. The persistence of these threats nevertheless highlights crucial gaps in existing protection systems, where the refugee status does not always guarantee effective protection against acts of transnational repression.
This content originally appeared on Committee to Protect Journalists and was authored by Amina Zaidi and Valentine Gavard.